Political equality is a normative ideal, and is thought to have positive consequences on citizens’ socio-economic outcomes such as income, health and education. As a result, many societies have sought to correct political inequality through various remedies, including electoral quotas. In this course, we will review what political inequality is, and examine how scholars have measured it, and studied its causes, effects and remedies. Our selective examination of the literature will focus on the cutting edge of the empirical literature on inequalities in political participation and representation, and will pay close attention to issues of measurement and causal inference.